What:  Spin-outs are private companies created to commercialise academic research outputs, such as new technologies, scientific discoveries and intellectual property...

What: A private company limited by guarantee is a legal structure commonly used by charities in the United Kingdom, although...

What: Tribally owned enterprises are a distinct form of collective business ownership. They are businesses owned and controlled by Indigenous...

What: Community-owned enterprises (COEs) are owned and controlled by members of a community. They engage in commercial activity through the...

What: Thesis-driven philanthropic funds are an approach to philanthropic giving. It is premised on the idea that many high-net-worth individuals...

What: Employee ownership trusts (EOTs) are a tax-incentivised government initiative, created to encourage employee ownership. Essentially, the company will sell...

What: At its most basic level, a research institute is an institution occupied with scientific research. This takes different forms,...

What: Mutual organisations are an umbrella term for several ownership models that share the feature of being owned by and...

What:CIC’s are organisational structures used by enterprises driven by a social mission, such as social enterprises. Although they function as...

What: Social enterprises act to both address specific social challenges whilst also operating as commercial businesses. Unlike other commercial business...

What: The legal requirements for an organisation to claim charitable status differ across nations. Across the United Kingdom and Ireland,...

What: A perpetual purpose trust model is a US-origin ownership model, which exists to preserve an organisation’s purpose. The trust...

What: Foundation-owned firms are companies in which a non-profit foundation holds a controlling ownership stake. This is often through majority...

What: Steward ownership is an alternative corporate ownership model built, centred on two core principles: self-determination and purpose orientation. Self-determination...

What:  Focused Research Organisations (FRO) are non-profit organisations designed to address the organisational-design gap for managing scientific projects that are...

What: Co-operatives are organisations owned and run by a group of members who come together to meet a shared economic,...

What: B Corps are businesses that have been certified by the non-profit network, B Lab. To gain certification, businesses must...