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What: At its most basic level, a research institute is an institution occupied with scientific research. This takes different forms, with differentiation between public, independent and academic research institutes. This categorisation is useful when considering different institutions; however, in practice, there can be overlap regarding shared funding sources, modes of governance and types of collaboration.

What: Mutual organisations are an umbrella term for several ownership models that share the feature of being owned by and run for a membership group. That could be a group of employees in an employee-owned business, customers in a consumer co-operative or a community group in a community-owned business. Crucially, ownership is linked to membership

What:CIC’s are organisational structures used by enterprises driven by a social mission, such as social enterprises. Although they function as limited companies, they operate primarily to benefit stakeholders such as community members, rather than for private monetary gain. Unlike charities, CIC’s can pursue profit; however, this must be used in ways that prioritise stakeholders over

What: Social enterprises act to both address specific social challenges whilst also operating as commercial businesses. Unlike other commercial business models, profits are not generated for the benefit of shareholders, but to meet social objectives and benefit stakeholders. Much like other businesses, social enterprises can be structured and operate in a variety of different ways.

What: The legal requirements for an organisation to claim charitable status differ across nations. Across the United Kingdom and Ireland, there are similar but distinct legal definitions and regulatory bodies which govern charitable status. This includes adherence to legal definitions of what constitutes a charitable purpose and being registered with a recognised overseeing body. Although

What: A perpetual purpose trust model is a US-origin ownership model, which exists to preserve an organisation’s purpose. The trust has ownership rights and appoints a board of trustees, who are responsible for ensuring the purpose is enacted and advanced. The trust may own land or a single or multiple businesses. Crucially, the trust acts

What: Foundation-owned firms are companies in which a non-profit foundation holds a controlling ownership stake. This is often through majority ownership of voting shares. Foundation-owned firms are less prevalent in the United Kingdom but are commonly found in European nations such as Denmark and Switzerland. This is because in nations such as Denmark, the legal

What: Steward ownership is an alternative corporate ownership model built, centred on two core principles: self-determination and purpose orientation. Self-determination means that individuals committed to the company’s long-term mission steer the company. The company cannot become an object of speculation, and its control is not for sale. Investors provide capital as partners but do not